樱桃番茄抗青枯病砧木新品种海茄砧1 号的选育

海茄砧1 号是以野生茄子自交系HZ09-5 为母本，以从越南引进的茄子品种自交系HZ10-2 为父本育成的高抗青枯 病樱桃番茄砧木品种。植株生长势较强，第1 雌花节位约为第7 节，花为紫色，果实卵圆形，青熟果淡绿紫色或淡绿色，果 萼绿色，果长7～9 cm，果宽4～6 cm，单果质量为50～60 g，种子千粒重为3.2 g 左右，种皮浅黄色，高抗青枯病。海茄砧 1 号与樱桃番茄的嫁接亲和性好，共生性强，嫁接苗成活率高。嫁接后的樱桃番茄果萼开展，果面有光泽，可明显改善果实 VC、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等品质，提高产量。适宜华南地区樱桃番茄的嫁接栽培。     

A rapid,simple, and sensitive immunoagglutination assay with silica nanoparticles for serotype identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

An agglutination test based on colored silica nanoparticles (colored SiNps) was established to detect serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Monodisperse colored SiNps were used as agglutination test carriers. The colored SiNps were prepared through reverse microemulsion with reactive dyes, sensitized with 11 kinds of mono-specific antibodies against P. aeruginosa, and denoted as IgG-colored SiNps. Eleven kinds of IgG-colored SiNps were individually mixed with P. aeruginosa on a glass slide. Different serotypes of P. aeruginosa could be identified by agglutination test with evident agglutination. The P. aeruginosa could be detected in a range from 3.6 × 10⁵ to 3.6 × 10¹² cfu mL^?1. This new agglutination test was confirmed to be a specific, sensitive, fast, easy-to-perform, and cost-efficient tool for the routine diagnosis of P. aeruginosa.     

串番茄新品种红星302 的选育

红星302 是以抗病、耐低温弱光材料01-61 为母本，以01-23 为父本育成的串番茄一代杂种，无限生长类型，果实串收，果色亮红，果实椭圆形，酸甜适口，品质佳，VC 含量为364 mg · kg^-1，可滴定酸0.44%，可溶性糖4.25%，平均单果质量30.79 g，硬度为11.40×10⁵ Pa。单株结果数约为53个，产量4 900 kg ·（ 667 m²）^-1 左右，高抗蕨叶病毒病、青枯病，适宜河北地区冬季日光温室和早春保护地栽培。     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

红壤旱地一株自生固氮菌的筛选鉴定及其固氮能力评估

为了鉴定从红壤中分离得到的一株自生固氮菌,并探讨其固氮能力。采用形态观察、生理生化测定和16S rDNA基因序列分析的方法研究了菌株的分类地位,采用乙炔还原法测定其固氮酶活性,并在室内培养条件下,通过花生、玉米的幼苗盆栽试验研究菌株对土壤MBN、矿化氮和植株氮素积累量的影响。结果表明：从种植于红壤的玉米根际,筛选出15株自生固氮菌,以菌株CM12固氮能力最强,初步鉴定CM12为伯霍尔德杆菌属(Burkholderia sp.),固氮酶活性达C₂H₄ 39.1 nmol/(h·mL)。室内培养试验结果表明,接种CM12菌株的处理,花生和玉米土壤MBN含量较CK处理分别提高了2.38和2.37倍,其中种植花生体系中,接菌处理与施用化学氮肥处理土壤MBN含量无显著差异。接种固氮菌影响了旱地红壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N比例,降低了土壤中NO₃^--N含量,且种植玉米体系中土壤NO₃^--N含量降低较明显。固氮菌短期接种增加了花生根系和玉米地上植株的氮素积累量。研究结果为该菌株在红壤旱地实际生产中的应用提供了理论基础。     

不同玉米品种与大豆带状复种模式氮素吸收利用分析

为科学利用大豆的生物固氮作用,筛选玉米大豆带状复种模式下最佳组合,本试验以‘大丰26’(IC1)、‘大丰30’(IC2)、‘强盛51’(IC3)及‘强盛388’(IC4)为实验材料,采用单因素随机区组长期定位试验测得各玉米品种氮素利用及产量数据。结果表明：玉米大豆带状复种模式下玉米产量及地上部生物量均表现为IC2>IC3>IC4>IC1 (P<0.05)。相比IC1、IC3及IC4处理,IC2处理下年平均氮素积累量、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率及氮素偏生产率分别显著增加了10.8%、11.0%、15.3%;17.3%、32.3%、26.2%;36.8%、34.9%、30.1%;18.8%、20.6%、12.5%,而IC2处理年平均氮素收获指数较IC4处理显著降低4.6个百分点(P<0.05);此外,氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮素收获指数与产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.05)。综合表明,‘大丰30’与大豆带状复种能够显著提高作物产量及氮素利用率,可作为山西省最优组合推广。     

生物炭连续施用对农田土壤氮转化微生物及N2O排放的影响

【目的】研究连续添加生物炭6年后对农田土壤氮转化相关微生物功能基因的影响,揭示生物炭影响作物产量和N₂O排放的微生物学机制,并为生物炭的推广使用提供理论依据。【方法】通过在潮土农田设置0（BC0,对照)、2.25（BCL,低量）、6.75（BCM,中量）和11.25 t·hm^-2（BCH,高量）4个秸秆生物炭量处理的田间定位试验,采用田间观测、化学分析、荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,系统研究施用生物炭对氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放、氨单加氧酶（amoA）、亚硝酸还原酶（nirK、nirS）、氧化亚氮还原酶（nosZ）基因丰度及夏玉米产量的影响。【结果】与对照BC0处理相比,施用生物炭可显著提高夏玉米籽粒产量,且BCM处理籽粒产量达到最大值10 811 kg·hm^-2,显著降低夏玉米生育期N₂O累积排放量,并以BCM处理减少N₂O排放效果最优。研究还发现,在夏玉米多个生育时期,与对照比较,生物炭施用可以显著提高耕层土壤无机氮储量和土壤含水量。此外,随着生物炭施用量增加,土壤氨氧化古菌（AOA）基因拷贝数在夏玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期均表现为先上升后下降趋势,且两个时期均以BCM处理最高,而氨氧化细菌（AOB）基因拷贝数在夏玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期分别为BCH处理和BCM处理最高。与对照相比,中、高量生物炭施用（BCM、BCH处理）可显著提高夏玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期土壤反硝化作用功能相关基因（nirK、nirS、nosZ）拷贝数。相关性分析表明,夏玉米成熟期土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤硝态氮、土壤含水量、AOA、AOB、nirK、nirS、nosZ呈显著负相关关系。【结论】施用生物炭通过增加土壤微生物氮转化功能基因丰度进而降低土壤N₂O排放,通过增加土壤耕层无机氮储量和土壤水分含量进而提高作物产量,并以中等用量（6.75 t·hm^-2）施用效果最优。     

无机碳源对零价铁介导的自养脱氮序批式反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

无机碳源作为自养微生物的能量来源,是影响自养脱氮细菌富集的重要因素。文章通过添加不同量的KHCO3作为ZVI介导的自养脱氮体系中无机碳源,研究反应体系的脱氮效果影响趋势以及适宜的无机碳源添加量。结果如下:1)KHCO3作为无机碳源可以显著提高NH^+4-N去除率,KHCO3添加量越多,其NH^+4-N去除率越高。KHCO3添加量分别为2 g,1 g,0.5 g的SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的NH^+4-N去除率分别为98.39%,65.18%,44.56%,相较不添加KHCO3的R0分别提高86.5%,53.29%,32.67%。ZVI的添加会降低KHCO3对NH^+4-N氧化的促进作用。2)KHCO3可明显提高TIN去除效果,促进总氮脱除的高低顺序是R1>R0.5>R2,SBR反应器R2,R1,R0.5的平均TIN去除率分别为19.01%,32.04%,27.62%,相较于空白组R0分别提高了10.60%,23.63%,19.21%。3)KHCO3可中和硝化反应产生的H^+,对反应体系具有缓冲作用,可使微生物处于较适宜的酸碱环境中,更有利于反应器的稳定运行。4)适量的无机碳源KHCO3可以促进氨氧化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性。该研究探讨了无机碳源在零价铁脱氮体系中的影响趋势,为铁型脱氮技术提供了理论支撑。     

低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性

初步分析了低扬程泵及泵装置压力脉动的基本规律. 基于浙江姚江上游西排工程排涝泵站立式泵装置不同叶片角度和不同流量时的压力脉动特性模型试验结果,研究泵装置的叶轮室进口、叶轮室出口、导叶体出口和出水流道出口处的压力脉动规律. 从叶轮与导叶之间的水流条件、水泵运行工况等方面,对低扬程泵装置压力脉动进行了初步理论分析,提出了导叶体与叶轮间隙的大小、导叶体的叶片数对低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性的影响等需进一步研究的问题. 从水力因素和水泵制造等方面提出了避免低扬程泵装置压力脉动有害影响的对策:适当加大叶轮与导叶之间的间隙,避免水泵在偏离最优工况较多的条件下运行,提高水泵抗空化性能等;从避免产生共振的角度,提出适当加大叶轮叶片厚度、导叶叶片厚度和加强水泵的结构设计等措施.